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What is this test?

The Borrelia burgdorferi IgG Antibody test detects Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in your blood and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). IgG antibodies are produced by your immune system several weeks after initial infection with the Lyme disease bacteria. This test helps determine if you have been exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium transmitted through tick bites.

Why is it ordered?

This test is ordered when a patient has symptoms suggestive of Lyme disease, which may include: a characteristic 'bull's-eye' rash (erythema migrans), fever, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, or joint pain. It is also used when neurological symptoms are present, such as facial palsy or meningitis, in which case CSF may be analyzed alongside blood samples. The test helps confirm whether symptoms are due to Lyme disease or another condition.

What do the results mean?

Results are reported as an index or ratio comparing antibody levels in CSF to blood. A positive result suggests that your immune system has produced antibodies against the Lyme disease bacteria, indicating either current or past infection. However, the test may be negative in early stages of infection before antibodies have fully developed. A negative result does not completely rule out Lyme disease if symptoms are present; repeat testing may be recommended.

How is the test performed?

For serum testing, a blood sample is drawn from a vein in your arm. For CSF analysis, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid. The laboratory then uses immunoassay techniques to detect and measure IgG antibodies specific to Borrelia burgdorferi. The comparison between CSF and serum helps determine if the infection has spread to the central nervous system.