Serum Protein Electrophoresis (Qualitative)

What Does This Test Measure?

Electrophoresis divides blood proteins into five main zones: albumin, alpha-1 globulins, alpha-2 globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins (including immunoglobulins). Each zone contains proteins with distinct functions, such as immune defense or blood clotting. Abnormal patterns may reveal conditions like chronic inflammation, infections, or genetic disorders.

Why Might You Need This Test?

Your doctor may order this test if you have symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, or signs of organ dysfunction. It’s also used to monitor conditions like multiple myeloma, autoimmune diseases, or liver/kidney disorders where protein levels may be affected.

Common Conditions Detected

This test can help diagnose or monitor conditions such as multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells), Waldenström macroglobulinemia (a rare blood disorder), liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis), or chronic infections. It may also identify genetic disorders like Fabry disease or metabolic conditions affecting protein synthesis.

Sample Preparation and Testing Process

A blood sample is drawn, and serum is separated for testing. The serum is placed in an electric field, causing proteins to migrate toward opposite charges. A gel or paper strip captures the separation, creating a visual pattern of protein bands. Results are interpreted by comparing the pattern to normal ranges.