Serum or plasma protein electrophoresis (qualitative)

What Does the Test Measure?

Electrophoresis separates blood proteins into fractions based on their electrical charge. Common protein bands include albumin (fastest-moving), alpha-globulins, beta-globulins, and immunoglobulins (slowest-moving). Abnormal bands or shifts may indicate conditions like chronic inflammation, infections, or genetic disorders.

Why Might You Need This Test?

Your doctor may order this test to investigate symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, swelling, or signs of organ dysfunction. It’s also used in screening for conditions like multiple myeloma, liver disease, or autoimmune disorders.

How Is the Test Performed?

A blood sample is drawn, and the serum or plasma is placed in a gel medium. An electric current is applied, causing proteins to migrate toward the opposite charge. After staining, bands are visible under light, showing protein distribution.

What Are Common Findings?

Normal results show distinct bands with balanced protein distribution. Abnormal findings may include: - **Monoclonal spikes** (e.g., M-protein) in multiple myeloma or Waldenström macroglobulinemia. - **Reduced albumin** (e.g., nephrotic syndrome, liver disease). - **Increased alpha-2 or beta-globulins** (e.g., chronic inflammation, infections).