Serum Protein Electrophoresis with Quantitative Calculation of Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio

What This Test Measures

The test uses serum (blood plasma after red blood cells are removed) to separate proteins into three main bands: albumin, alpha-globulins, beta-globulins, and gamma-globulins. Albumin typically appears as the largest, most prominent band on the left, while globulins (including gamma-globulins) appear as bands toward the right. The ratio of albumin to globulins is calculated to provide insight into protein distribution.

Why It Matters: Albumin vs. Globulins

Albumin is a key protein that helps maintain blood pressure and carries other substances like hormones and drugs. Low albumin levels may indicate malnutrition, liver disease, or kidney problems. Globulins include proteins like antibodies (gamma-globulins) that fight infections and immune system proteins. Elevated globulins can suggest chronic inflammation, infections, or certain cancers.

How the Test Works

The test involves a simple blood draw. After separation, proteins are analyzed using electrophoresis, a process that moves proteins through a gel based on their size and charge. The resulting pattern is then quantified to determine the relative amounts of albumin and globulins, followed by calculation of the albumin-to-globulin ratio.

Common Conditions Evaluated

This test is often used to diagnose or monitor conditions such as multiple myeloma (a blood cancer), chronic infections, autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), liver disease, and malnutrition. It can also help track treatment responses in patients with these conditions.