Protein Electrophoresis (Serum/Plasma)

What Proteins Are Measured?

Protein electrophoresis separates blood proteins into distinct fractions based on their size and electrical charge. Key components include albumin (the most abundant protein, supporting fluid balance and transport), globulins (which include antibodies for immunity and other proteins like transferrin and fibrinogen), and sometimes alpha, beta, and gamma globulin subgroups. This helps assess overall protein distribution and identify abnormalities.

Why Is This Test Done?

Doctors may order this test to diagnose or monitor conditions like multiple myeloma, liver disease, kidney disease, or certain autoimmune disorders. It can also help evaluate protein malnutrition or detect unusual protein patterns that may signal hidden health concerns.

Sample Preparation and Testing Process

A blood sample is drawn, and the serum or plasma is separated. The sample is then placed in an electric field to separate proteins by size and charge. A gel or other medium captures the proteins, creating distinct bands that are later analyzed for concentration.

Clinical Significance of Results

Abnormal protein patterns can signal underlying health issues. For example, a shift toward larger proteins may indicate multiple myeloma, while low albumin levels could suggest liver or kidney disease. Globulin levels may rise in autoimmune conditions or infections.