Serum Protein Electrophoresis (Qualitative)

What Does This Test Measure?

Serum protein electrophoresis separates proteins into five main fractions: albumin, alpha-1 globulins, alpha-2 globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins. Each fraction contains different proteins that play roles in immunity, clotting, and transport of substances in the blood. Abnormal patterns may indicate conditions like infections, cancers, or genetic disorders.

Why Might You Need This Test?

Your doctor may order this test if you have symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, swelling, or if they suspect conditions like multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or chronic inflammation. It can also be used to monitor treatment progress for certain blood disorders.

Sample Preparation and Testing Process

A blood sample is drawn from a vein, usually in your arm. The serum (liquid part after blood clots) is then separated and analyzed using electrophoresis, a technique that moves proteins through a gel under an electric current, separating them by size and charge. The results are visually interpreted to identify any unusual protein patterns.

What Are Common Findings?

Normal results show a balanced distribution of protein fractions. Abnormal findings may include: - **Monoclonal spikes**: Extra bands representing abnormal proteins, often seen in multiple myeloma. - **Reduced albumin**: May indicate liver disease or malnutrition. - **Increased gamma globulins**: Could suggest chronic infections or autoimmune diseases.